
Canberra was established in 1913 as a purpose-built capital for the newly federated Australian nation - this brought the rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne for national capital status to an end. The artificial creation of the city was not without critics however - many said that it was a "waste of a good sheep pasture". Canberra is a highly planned city, its primary design conceived by the American architect Walter Burley Griffin fff built on the shores of an artificial lake (Lake Burley Griffin). Populated at first largely by politicians and public servants, it has taken several decades to develop its own identity and culture. A building spree in the late 20th century and a concerted effort to develop public institutions in the city have made it a viable destination for the traveller.
Lake Burley Griffin divides central Canberra. The central shopping and commercial area, known as "Civic", on the north side and the parliamentary and embassy area is on the south side. National institutions are likewise divided, examples being the National Museum of Australia and the Australian War Memorial on the north side and the National Library and National Gallery of Australia on the south side.
There are suburbs surrounding central Canberra, and also suburbs surrounding several outlying town centres. These town centres are Belconnen and Gungahlin to the north, and Tuggeranong and Woden to the south.
Many people who live in Canberra are not originally from Canberra, having usually moved there to study or take up employment with the Australian Government. A common pattern is that people from other parts of Australia move to Canberra, study or work for a few years and then return to their place of origin or move on to elsewhere. As this means a constant influx of new arrivals to Canberra, you should not be reluctant to ask for directions etc. from locals - they are more than used to it and usually only too happy to help.
Canberrans on the whole are easygoing, friendly and tolerant people who have the highest levels of education and income in Australia.
Ethnically, Canberra's population is more diverse than most regional areas of Australia, but nowhere near as culturally and linguistically varied as Sydney and Melbourne.
Canberra can get just as hot as anywhere else in Australia during the summer months, with temperatures above 35ºC a regular occurrence from December through to March. In winter it can get bitterly cold during the winter months owing to its altitude and proximity to the Snowy Mountains. Overnight temperatures in winter frequently drop below zero and tend to hover around 10ºC during the day. However, it is usually a clear, brisk cold, and rarely a dull, damp cold. It rarely snows in Canberra, and when it does it does not stick on the ground for very long.
Canberra is less humid than Australian coastal cities. The hottest days are often mitigated by welcome cooling mountain breezes, particularly towards the end of the day, and the temperature drops overnight.
Canberra International Airport (IATA: CBR), [2] is well served by flights from other Australian capital cities. The following airlines fly to Canberra daily:
From other cities you can fly to one of the above cities and then to Canberra. International visitors would normally fly to Sydney or Melbourne and transfer to a domestic flight to Canberra. Flying time is 50 minutes from Sydney, 1 hour from Melbourne, 2 hours from Brisbane and Adelaide, and 4 hours from Perth.
NSW Countrylink [7] runs services from Sydney to Canberra twice a day. The trip takes just over 4 hours, which is slower than a bus or driving, but the train takes a very scenic route through the Molongolo Gorge, compared to an unexciting freeway journey by road. The train arrives in Kingston on the south side of Canberra, which is 15-20 minutes' walk from most of the attractions on the south side of Lake Burley Griffin, and depending on the day travelled, a day trip of 5–6 hours of these attractions (from Sydney) is easy to do. To get to Civic (the Canberra CBD) on the northern side of the lake, however, will require further transport, ACTION buses service the station to Civic every hour or so for $3.00. The economy train fare is $40, discounts may be available depending on the day or for advance purchase. Countrylink also runs a once-daily train/bus between Melbourne and Canberra: the bus runs from the centre of Canberra to the small town of Cootamundra, where travellers switch to the train to Melbourne's Southern Cross Station; tickets cost $75.
If you have all day, you can catch a Cityrail service between Sydney and Goulburn, and then change to/from the Countrylink services at Goulburn. The Countrylink fare is $16, and the Cityrail $26, which is cheaper than the direct Countrylink service, but still more than the bus.
Coaches to Canberra terminate at the Jolimont Centre, which is in the city centre. It is immediately across the road from the Canberra local bus (ACTION) interchange
Murray's Coaches [8], tel 132251, operate a bus service between Sydney and Canberra five times a day. Be sure to book an express service - it will knock an hour and a half off your trip. Cost is $36 and there are a limited number of 2-week advance fares for $15 (or $28 discount tickets also available). The bus takes you right into the centre of Canberra city, whereas the train will take you to Manuka/Kingston area (which may require a cab/bus to the city). Murrays also run a daily service from Wollongong.
Greyhound Pioneer [9], tel 131499, operate a bus service competing with Murray's. Fares seem to be either $15 or $36, so you might get lucky and get a cheap ride. Note that it may not be possible to get the $15 fares when booking a return journey; if so, you probably need to book each leg separately. They also offer a direct service to Melbourne.
NSW Countrylink also run daily buses to and from Eden on the South Coast, via Bega and Cooma.
Canberra is 290 km (180 miles) drive from Sydney and 650 km (404 miles) drive from Melbourne.
The drive from Sydney to Canberra takes just over three hours. The road is dual carriageway, mostly freeway-like conditions from the Harbour Bridge all the way to Canberra, mostly with a 110km/h speed limit, via the M5, Hume and Federal Highways. There on 5 sets of on-road services located on the highway, as well as well maintained and often scenic rest stops with toilets and picnic tables. If you take a picnic, you can find a place to stop and eat it. It is rare to make the entire trip between Canberra and Sydney without at least one police speed trap.
The drive from Melbourne to Canberra is roughly eight hours on the Hume and Barton Highways.
ACTION buses [10] cover the majority of Canberra. Fares [11] are currently (Jan 08) AU$3.00 for adults and AU$1.50 for concessions (have your student or concession card ready to show the driver; for international students, its always good to have an ISIC Card because many drivers -- although not strictly supposed to -- will accept these). There are also all-day, weekly monthly and 10-ride-faresaver tickets available. An off-peak all-day ticket costs $4 and is valid for travel on weekdays between 9am & 4.30pm and after 6pm, as well as all day on weekends and holidays. 10 ride faresavers offer a significant discount on single fares at AU$7.50 for students (school term weekdays only) AU$10.70 concession and AU$21.00 for adult fare.
There has been increasing criticism of ACTION, as services have decreased in number and prices have increased. Many residents will tell you not to use ACTION services. During peak hours, ACTION buses, especially inter-town routes, can be extremely crowded. However, for those dependant on public transport there is no other option within Canberra.
Tips for riding the buses:
Canberra has a very good network of cycle paths which are generally separate from the road network, as well as good on road cycle facilities. The grade can be a little steep as away from central Canberra is fairly hilly, but all the attractions around the lake are accessible on fairly flat paths. Pedal Power has a list of commuter and other routes. Bicycles are also permitted on footpaths in the ACT.
A street map bought from a petrol station or newsagent will also show bike paths. The map is also online at the [ACT Department of Planning]. Bike helmets are compulsory. There are bike racks to lock your bike up at most shopping centres and points of interest. The bus interchanges have bike lockers to rent in the longer term.
The intertown buses will carry bikes on bike racks on the front of the buses for no additional charge. The bike racks have clips, so no additional equipment is necessary. Only full size bikes are carried.
Most attractions in Canberra provide parking, and Canberra roads are generally good quality and relatively uncongested.
Drivers unfamiliar with Canberra are often confused by the "Town Centre" signs that direct you to the commercial centre of the nearest Canberra "town", which you can consider to be a regional centre. The towns are Belconnen, Woden, Tuggeranong, Gungahlin etc. You will see signs directing you to these centres by name, but as you get close the sign will simply direct you to the "town centre". You are expected to know which town centre it is you are approaching. Each of these towns contain many suburbs, which are always signposted by the suburb name.
The main shopping and commercial area of Canberra is known as Civic, but you will never see a signpost to Civic. It is signposted as as "City".
There are remarkably few fuel stations on the main roads. Instead they tend to be located near shops, off the main roads. Start looking well before you run too low. Look for the small blue fuel pump signs off the main roads.
Take change for parking meters in Civic if you want to park on the Streets, or in the government parking lots.
Fixed police speed traps in Canberra are not usually as prominent or noticeable as they are in neighbouring New South Wales. However, mobile police speed traps are set up in large, highly visible white vans with police signage informing motorists that their speed has been checked.
Many of the most interesting shopping experiences are at the national institutions, almost all of which have specialist shops inside. The National Gallery has a superb range of art books, both overseas and indigenous. Likewise the National Library, the Questacon Science Museum, the War Memorial, the National Museum at Acton, the Film and Sound Archive, and so on - if you're looking for unique Australian items, these are the places to go.
All public buildings in Canberra are smoke free.